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ªñ¦~¨Ó¡A­õ¾Ç®a¤¦©`¯S¡]Daniel Dennett¡^¡B¥Íª«¾Ç®a¹Dª÷´µ¡]Richard Dawkins¡^¡K¡K µ¥¾ÇªÌ¥D¾Éªº¡u·sµL¯«½×¡v°}Àç¡A¹ï°ò·þ±Ð§å§P¤£¿ò¾l¤O¡A¯S§O¬O°ò·þ±Ðªº³Ð³y½×¡A¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¾HªÖ´µ°ò¡]William Dembski¡^¡B¤Ú§Æ¡]Michael Behe¡^¡K.. µ¥°ò·þ®{¾ÇªÌºûÅ@ªº¡u´¼¼z³]­p¡v¡A«o¨S¦³¨ü¨ì¾Ç³N¬ÉªÖ©w¡C¤£¹L¡A³o¨Ã«D¬O¾ã´T¹Ïµe¡A¼y©¯ªº¬O¡A°ò·þ±Ð·í¤¤¤´¦³¨ã¦³±R°ª¾Ç³N¦a¦ìªºÅ@±Ð¾ÇªÌ¡A¨Ò¦p¾Ö¦³¯«¾Ç¡B­õ¾ÇÂù³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ìªº¶ðªi¯«¾Ç°|¡]Talbot School of Theology¡^±Ð±Â§J¹p®æ¡]William Lane Craig¡^¡B¸t¥À°|¤j¾Ç­õ¾Ç±Ð±Â¥¬Äõ®x¥[¡]Alvin Plantinga¡^¡C

¹ï¡u´¼¼z³]­p¡v¶á¤§¥H»óªº¤H¡A±`±`°õµÛ¡u´¼¼z³]­p½×ªº¤å³¹¤£¯à°÷¦b¦P¦æ¼f½Z¡]peer-review¡^ªº¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¤Wµoªí¡v³o¤@ÂI¡A§åµû³Ð³y½×¤£µn¤j¶®¤§°ó¡B°ò·þ±Ð¤Ï´¼ ¡K¡K¡A¦ý§J¹p®æ»P¥¬Äõ®x¥[ªº¤å³¹³£¬O¦b»á¦³¥÷¶qªº¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¤¤­±¥@¡A§Y¨ÏµL¯«½×ªÌ¾ÇªÌ¥v±K¤Ò¡]Quentin Smith¡^¤]©Ó»{¡G¡uµL¯«½×ªÌ»P¤£¥iª¾½×ªÌ¹ï[§J¹p®æ¾Ç»¡]ªº¦^À³¡A¬Û¹ï¨Ó»¡¦³ÂIÁ¡®z¡A¬Æ¦ÜÃø¨£Âܼv¡C¡v[i]

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¦b³o½gµu¤å¤¤¡Aµ§ªÌ·Q¤¶²Ð§J¹p®æªº¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¡]Kalam cosmological argument¡^¡A³o½×µý¨Ã¤£¬O§J¹p®æ­º³Ð¡A¦b¥j¨åÅ@±Ð¾Ç¤¤³o½×µý¤w¥X²{¹L¡A¡u¥d«n¡v¬Oªü©Ô§B¤å¡A³o¬O§Æþ¤å¡ulogo¡vªºÂ½Ä¶¡A·N«ä¬O¡u¹D²z¡v¡A¥d«n½×µý¬O¥ì´µÄõ±Ð¿Ä¦X¤F§Æþ«ä·Q¡A§J¹p®æ°t¦X²{¥N¬ì¾Ç¡A¦A¥[¤W­É§U¤F¤¤¥@¬ö¥ì´µÄõ±Ð¤hªº¤ÀªR¡A±N¥d«n¦t©z½×µýµo´§±o²OºvºÉ­P¡C·íµM¡A¾Ç³N¬É¤¤¦³¤£¤Ö¤Ï¹ï¥d«n¦t©z½×µýªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤@³¡¤À¬Æ¦Ü¥X¦Û°ò·þ®{¡Aµ§ªÌ±N·|²³æ¦a¤¶²Ð¨ä¤¤¨â­Ó½×ÂI¡A¦ý³o¨Ç½×ÂI¦ü¥G¥¼¯à¦³®Ä¦a¤Ï»é¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¡A²¦³º¡Aµ§ªÌ¬Û«H¥d«n¦t©z½×µý»P¸t¸g«H®§¤ñ¸û¤@­P¡C

¥j¨åªº°ò·þ±Ð¦t©z½×µý¦Ü¤Ö¦³¨âºØ§Î¦¡¡A²Ä¤@ºØ¬O¤¤¥@¬ö¤Ñ¥D±Ð¯«¾Ç¤j®v¸t¦hº¿´µªü«¶¨º¡]St. Thomas Aquinas¡^ªºª©¥»¡Aªü«¶¨º°Ñ¦Ò¤F§Æþ­õ¾Ç®a¨È¨½´µ¦h¼w»P¥ì´µÄõ¾ÇªÌ¨Èºû´µ¦w®³¡]Avicenna¡^ªº¾Ç»¡¡A´£¥X¤F¡u¤Z¨Æ¥²¦³²Ä¤@¦]¡v³o·§©À¡A²³æ¦a»¡¡A²´«eªº¦t©z¸U¶H¥²µM¦³«e¦]¡A³o¨Ç«e¦]¤§«eÁÙ¦³«e¦]¡AÄ~Äò°l·¹¤U¥h¡A«K·|§Î¦¨¤F¡uµL­­­Ë°h¡v¡]infinite regress¡^¡A³oºØ¡uµL­­­Ë°h¡v¦bÅÞ¿è¤WµLªk¦¨¥ß¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦t©z¥²¦³°_¦]¡C[ii]

²Ä¤GºØ¦t©z½×µý¬O¼w°ê­õ¾Ç®aµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷¡]Leibniz¡^ªºª©¥»¡AµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷ªº±À½×¡A·½©ó¤@­Ó¬Ý¦ü²³æ¡B«o¤Q¤À²`¶øªº°ÝÃD¡G¡u¬°¤°»ò¡]³o¥@¬É¡^¦³¤@¨ÇªF¦è¦Ó¤£¬O¬Æ»ò¤]¨S¦³¡H¡v¡]Why is there something rather than nothing? ¡^µÜ¥¬¥§¯÷«ü¥X¡G¥ô¦ó¦s¦bªº¨Æª«³£¥²µM¦X²z¦a¦s¦b¡A³o´N¬O©Ò¿×¡u¥R¤À¦X²z­ì«h¡v¡]Principle of sufficient reason¡^¡C¥Ñ³o¦X²z¦s¦b¡A«K¥i¥H±À½×¥X¦t©z¥²©w¦³³Ð³yªÌ¡B³]­pªÌ¡C[iii]

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µ§ªÌ»{¬°¡G±Ä¥Î²{¥N¤Ñ¤åª«²z¾Ç¦Ó±À½×¥X¦t©z·´·ÀªÌ¡A³o¨Ã¤£¯îÂÕ¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤£¥i¥H¾Ì¦¹»¡¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¬O¯îÂÕ¡A¬°¤°»ò©O¡HµL¥L¡A¸t¸g¤£¬O¥H³Ð³y½×¶}©l¡A¥H¥½¥@½×µ²§ô¶Ü¡H¥D±i¡u§Æ±æ¯«¾Ç¡v¡]Theology of Hope¡^¼w°ê¯«¾Ç®a²ö¯S°Ò¡]Jürgen Moltmann¡^»{¬°¡G³Ð³y»P¥½¥@¬Û»²¬Û¦¨¡A³Ð³y¬O¤@ºØ«ùÄòªº¹Lµ{¡A¥¦ÁÙ¥¼¶êº¡¡A¶êº¡ªº³Ð³y­nµ¥¨ì¥½¥@ªº§ó·s¡]eschatological transformation¡^¤~·|¥X²{¡C[ix]

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Á`¬A¨Ó»¡¡A§J¹p®æªº¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¤ñ¸û»P¸t¸gªº°T®§¤@­P¡A¦ýµ§ªÌ·Q±j½Õ¡G³o¨Ã¤£¯àµ´¹ï¦³®Ä¦aµý©ú¤W«Ò³Ð³y¥@¬É¡C§Y¨Ï¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¦¨¥ß¡A³»¦h¥u¯à»¡¡u¦t©z¥²µM¦³¨ä¦s¦bªº°_¦]¡v¡A¦ý³o°_¦]¤S¬O§_¥²©w¬O¤@­Ó¨ã¦³¤H®æªº¯«©O¡H¦Ó¥B¡A§Y¨Ï³Ð³yªÌ¬O¤@­Ó¤H®æ¯«¡A³o¬O§_¥²©w«D°ò·þ±Ðªº­C©MµØ²öÄÝ©O¡H¬G¦¹¡A¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¥u¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¤F³Ð³y½×¥¼¥²»P²{¥N¤Ñ¤åª«²z¾Ç¦³½Ä¬ð¡AÄY®æ¨Ó»¡«o¤£¬O¤@­Óµý©ú¡C³Ì²×¡A«H¥õ¥u¯à¶D½Ñ«H¤ß¡A¦ýµL½×¦p¦ó¡A¥d«n¦t©z½×µý¤´µM­È±o¥O¤H¹ª»R¡A³o½×µý¦b¤@¬yªº¾Ç³N´Á¥Zµoªí»P°Q½×¡A§åµû°ò·þ±Ð¡u¤Ï´¼¡vªºµL¯«½×ªÌÀ³¸Ó¦A¤T¦Ò¼{¨äµû»ù¬O§_«ê·í¡C


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[i] Quentin Smith, ¡§A big bang cosmological argument for god¡¦s nonexistence¡¦, Faith and Philosophy 9 (1992), 217¡V37. µ§ªÌ½Ķ¤F§J¹p®æ¹ï¥v±K¤Ò§åµûªº¦^À³¡A½Ð°Ñ¦ÒW. L. Craig, ¡§The caused beginning of the universe: A Response to Quentin Smith,¡¨ British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 44 (1993) 623-639. Trans. by Chong Ho Yu. In Online Chinese Christian Resources. Access http://occr.christiantimes.org.hk/art_0003.htm

[ii] J. P. Moreland, ¡§A response to a Platonistic and to a set-theoretic objection to the Kalam cosmological argument,¡¨ Religious Studies 39 (2003), 373¡V390.

[iii] µÜ¥¬¥§¯÷ªºµª®×¥i»¡¬O¤@¥Û¤G³¾¡A³o¤£¦ý¦^µª¤F¦t©z°_·½ªº°ÝÃD¡A¤]¸Ñ¶}¤F¡u¯«¸q½×¡v¡]Theodicy¡^ªº¦ºµ²¡A©Ò¿×¡u¯«¸q½×¡vªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O¥þ¯à¦Ó·O´dªº¯«¡A¬°¤°»ò®e³\¥@¬É¤W¥Rº¡­WÃø¡C¦ý¬JµM²{¦sªº¥@¬É¬O³Ì¦X²zªº¡A¨º»ò³o¥@¬É¬O¡u©Ò¦³¥i¯à¥@¬É¤¤³Ì¦nªº¤@­Ó¡v¡]The best of all possible worlds¡^¡A¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A³o¥@¬É·|§óÁV¿|¡CGregory Brown, ¡§Leibniz¡¦s Theodicy and the confluence of worldly goods,¡¨ Journal of History of Philosophy 26 (1988), 571-591.

[iv] W. L. Craig, ¡§Creation and big bang cosmology,¡¨ Philosophia Naturalis, 31(1994), 217-224. Trans. by Chong Ho Yu. In Online Chinese Christian Resources. Access http://occr.christiantimes.org.hk/art_0040.htm

[v] John Taylor, ¡§Kalam: a swift argument from origins to a first cause?¡¨ Religious Studies, 33 (1997),167-179.

[vi] W. L. Criag, ¡§A swift and simple refutation of the Kalam

cosmological argument?¡¨ Religious Studies, 33(1999), 57-72.

[vii] J. Brian Pitts, ¡§Why the Big Bang Singularity does not help the Kalam Cosmological Argument for Theism?¡¨ British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 59 (2008), 675¡V708.

[viii] Pitts, 692-693.

[ix] J. Moltmann, God in Creation. (1985) London: SCM Press: London.

2009.5


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