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¤K¤ë¤Q¤T¤é¬OÅ@²z»ó¯ª«n¤B®æº¸¡]Florence Nightingale¡^³u¥@¤E¤Q¤C¶g¦~¬ö©À¡A¦]µÛ³\¦hªýº¢¡Aµ§ªÌ¦b¤Q¤Ñ¤§«á¡A¤~¦³¾÷·|«ä¦Ò«n¤B®æº¸ªº¥\ÁZ¹ï²{¥N±Ð·|ªº·N¸q¡C¥ý¦¹Án©ú¡Aµ§ªÌ¼¶¼g³o½g¤å³¹ªº¥Øªº¡Aµ´¹ï¤£¬O­n§Q¥Î«n¤B®æº¸ªº¬G¨Æ¡A¨Ó¬°²{¤µ¥ô¦ó­Ó¤H¡B¹ÎÅé¡B¨Æ¥ó§@¥XÅGÅ@©ÎªÌ§åµû¡C¦P¤@¾ú¥v¨Æ¥ó¡A¤£¦P¤H·|Æ[¹î¨ì¤£¦Pªº¾ú¥v±Ð°V¡A¦b³oùاڵL«D¤À¨É­Ó¤Hªº»â¨ü¡C

¥Í©óºû¦h§Q¨È®É¥Nªº­^°ê¤H«n¤B®æº¸¡A¦b§J¨½¦Ì¨È¾Ôª§Ãzµo¤§«á¡A²v»â´X¤Q¦WÅ@¤h¨ì­^°ê­x¤èÂå°|·ÓÅU¶Ë§L¡A¦o¨C¤@­Ó±ß¤W³£´£¿O¨µµø¯f©Ð¡A±x¤ß¦a·ÓÅU¯f¤H¡A­·«B¤£§ï¡A¦]¦¹¦o³QÅA¬°¡u¤â«ù¿OÅ¢ªº¤k¤h¡v¡]The lady with a lamp) ¡C¤@¤K¤»¹s¦~¡A«n¤B®æº¸¦b¸t¦h°¨Âå°|³Ð¥ßÅ@¤h¾Ç®Õ¡A¥¿¦¡³þ¥ß¤FÅ@²z±Ð¨|¨î«×¡C°ê»Ú¬õ¤Q¦r«Ø¥ßªº®É­Ô¡A¦o¥ç°Ñ»P¿Ô¸ß¡C

«n¤B®æº¸§ï­²ÂåÀø¨î«×ªº¼ö§Õ¡B¹ï¨ü­WªÌªº¼¦·R¡A³£¬O²`²`´Ó®Ú©ó¦oªº°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¡C¦o´¿¸g»¡¡G¡u¥Í©R¦b¥G«ç¼Ë¥hµo±¸¤W«Ò¦b¦t©z¤¤ªº³W«ß¡A¥Ñ¦¹§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¥h§ïÅÜ¥@¬É¡A¥O¤W«Ò¦b¦a¤W´xÅv¡C¡v«á¨Ó¦o¦^ÅU¤@¥Í®É»¡¡G¡u«Ü¦h¦~¤§«e§Ú­p¹º±N¨Óªº®É­Ô¡A§Úªº¥D·N¨Ã¤£¬O²Õ´¤@¶¡Âå°|¡A¦Ó¬O²Õ´¤@­Ó©v±Ð¡C¡v°£¤F±À°ÊÂåÀø§ï­²¤§¥~¡A¦o¥çÃö¤ß©v±Ð§ï­²¡A¦o¤Ï¹ï­^°ê°ê±Ð¨ººØ¨k´L¤k¨õªºÆ[©À¡A¤S´£­Ò­n¬°¨àµ£½s¼g²©öªº¸t¸g¡C²{¥N¯«¾Ç®a­³¥¬¡]Val Webb¡^Æg´­«n¤B®æº¸¬O«O¦uªººû¦h§Q¨È®É¥N¤@¦ì¡u¿E¶iªº¯«¾Ç®a¡v¡A®M¥Î²{¥N³N»y¡A¦o¬O¤£§é¤£¦©ªº¤k©Ê¯«¾Ç®a¡B¸Ñ©ñ¯«¾Ç®a¡C

µM¦Ó¡A¥Ñ¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥vªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¦ì¦a¦ì±µªñ¸t¤k­s¼wªº«n¤B®æº¸¡A´¿´X¦ó®É«o»X¤W¤F¤@¨Ç¬°¤H¸á¯fªº¦ÃÂI¡C «n¤B®æº¸¦³¤@­ÓÂA¬°¤Hª¾ªº¨­¤À¡A¦o¹ï²Î­p¾Ç¦³¿@«p¿³½ì¡A§Æ±æ­É§U³oªù¬ì¾Ç¨Ó¾d©T¦Û¤v¹ï©óªÀ·|§ï­²ªº¥D±i¡A¬°¦o¥ß¶Çªº¬ì§J¡]Edward Cook¡^»¡¡G¡u¹ï«n¤B®æº¸¨Ó»¡¡A²Î­p¾Ç´N¦n¹³¬O¤@ºØ©v±Ð¸gÅç¡C¡v«n¤B®æº¸¤@¥Í¤¤¸ò¤ñ§Q®É²Î­p¾Ç®a³Í¯Sº¸¡]Quetelet¡^«O«ù±K¤Á³sô¡A«á¨Ó«n¤B®æº¸³Q±ÀÁ|¬°­^°ê¬Ó®a²Î­p¾Ç·|ªº°|¤h¡A¤S¦¨¬°¤F¬ü°ê²Î­p¾Ç·|ªººaÅA·|­û¡C¦ý¬O¡A°ÝÃD¥¿¬O¥X¦b«n¤B®æº¸«ç¼Ë¹B¥Î²Î­p¾Ç¡C

«n¤B®æº¸¤£³æ¤î»{¬°­^°ê­x³¡Âå°|½Ã¥ÍÀô¹Ò®t¡A¦Ó¥B¥­¥ÁÂå°|¥çµM¡A¦o¬Û«H³\¦h¯f±wªÌ¥»¨Ó¨S¦³¥²­n¦bÂå°|¤¤¦º¤`¡A¬°¤F±o¨ì¬ì¾Çµý¾Ú¤ä«ù¦oªº¬Fªv¶D¨D¡A¤@¤K¤­¤»¦~¡A¦o¸ò·í®É­^°ê¤@¯ëµù¥U³Bªº²Î­p¾ÇªÌ«Â·Gªk¹p¡]William Farr¡^µ²¬°·ù¤Í¡A«Â·Gªk¹p¦]µÛ¾·~¤§«K¡A´x´¤¤F­^°ê¤H¥Í¦Ñ¯f¦ºµ¥¦U¤è­±ªº¼Æ¾Ú¡C¤@¤K¤»¤T¦~¡A«n¤B®æº¸®Ú¾Úªk¹pªº¸ê®ÆµÛ®Ñ¥ß»¡¡A«ü¥X¤FÂå°|½Ã¥Íªº¦M¾÷¡A­n¨D¬F©²¥¿µø¡C¦ý¬O¡A¡u«n¤B®æº¸¡X¡X«Â·Gªk¹p¦P·ù¡v¡A«o¹¡¨ü·í®É¤Î«á¥@¤§½×ªÌ§åµû¡C

«Â·Gªk¹p³QÅA¬°¡u²{¥N¬y¦æ¯f¾Ç¤§¤÷¡v¤§¤@¡]¥t¤@¦ì¬O¬ù¿«´µ¿Õ John Snow¡^¡Aªk¹p¤@¥Í­P¤O©ó¹B¥Î²Î­p¼Æ¦r°l¬d¯f·½©M§ïµ½°ê¥Á°·±d¡A²{¦bªº¡u°ê»Ú¯e¯f¤ÀÃþªk¡v¡]International Classification of Disease¡^«K¬O¥Hªk¹pªº¤èªk¬°°ò¦¡C¤@¦ì¬OÅ@¤h¤§¥À¡A¤@¦ì«h¬O¬y¦æ¯f¾Ç¤§¤÷¡A³o¨â¦ì¾ú¥v°¶¤Hªº¦P·ù°Z¤£¬O¤Ñ³y¦a³]¤§°t·f¶Ü¡H¦A¥[¤W³o³õªÀ·|§ï­²¤§°Ê¤O¬O¥X¦Û´d¤Ñ¼§¤Hªº°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¡A³o¼ËÁÙ¦³¤°»ò¥i¥H¥X¿ù©O¡H

°ÝÃD¦b©ó¡Gªk¹p­pºâ­^°êÂå°|¦º¤`²vªº¤èªk¡A¬O±N¤@¶¡Âå°|¤@¦~¥H¨Óªº¦º¤`¤H¼Æ¡A°£¥H¨º¶¡Âå°|¦b¤@¤Ñ¤§¤ºªº¦í°|¤H¼Æ¡A²{¦b¥ô¦óŪ¹L°ò¥»²Î­p¾Çªº¾Ç¥Í¡A³£ª¾¹D¤À¤l©M¤À¥Àªº®É¶¡¤£¹ïºÙ¡C«n¤B®æº¸®Ú¾Úªk¹pªº²Î­p³ø§i¡A«ÅºÙ­^°ê¤G¤Q¥|¶¡Âå°|ªº¦º¤`²v°ª¹F¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¡C­Û´°¤@¦ì¦W¥s¥¬¨½´µ¦«¡]John Bristowe¡^ªºÂå¥Í¡A½èºÃ«n¤B®æº¸©M«Â·Gªk¹pªº°Ê¾÷»P¤H®æ¡A¥L§åµû¤G¤H¦³·N»~¾É¸s²³¡A´²¼½¨S¦³¨Æ¹ê®Ú¾Úªº©Ò¿×¦M¾÷¡C¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤@¦ìÂå¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¥ç§@¥XÃþ¦üµû»ù¡G¤G¤HÃh©êµÛ©v±Ð¯ëªº¼ö±¡¡A±N¬ì¾Ç·í¦¨¬OªÖ©wªºµý¾Ú¡A¥Øªº¬O±À°Ê¦Û¤vªº¬Fªvijµ{¡A¦ý«n¤B®æº¸¥u¿ï¾Ü¹ï¦Û¤v¦³§Qªº²Î­p¼Æ¦r¡C

¦¹¥~¡A¥H²{¥N²´¥ú¨Ó¬Ý¡A«n¤B®æº¸ªºÂå¾Ç²z½×¨Ã¤£¥¿½T¡A¨º®É­Ô³\¦hÂå¥Í³£¬Û«H²Óµß¬O¯e¯f¶Ç¼½ªº¤¸¤¿¡A¦ý«n¤B®æº¸¨Ã¤£¬Û«H²Óµß²z½×¡A¦o»{¬°²V¿BªºªÅ®ð¤~¬O¯e¯fªº¦¨¦]¡A©Ò¥H¦o­P¤O©ó§ïµ½Âå°|ªº³q­·¨t²Î¡A¦Ó»´µø±þµß®ø¬r³o¨Ç¹w¨¾±¹¬I¡C

µL½×¦p¦ó¡A¾ãÅé¨Ó»¡¡A«n¤B®æº¸»P«Â·Gªk¹p³£¬O·å¤£±»·ì¡C¾¨ºÞ«n¤B®æº¸ªº«H©À¬O°ò©ó¿ù»~ªºÂå¾Ç²z½×¡A¾¨ºÞ¥L­Ì¸Ø¤j¤F­^°êÂå°|ªº¦º¤`²v¡A¦ý¬O¦b¥L­Ì©b¨«¤§¤U¡A­^°êÂå°|ªº½Ã¥ÍÀô¹Ò½T¹ê±o¨ì§ïµ½¡A¥L­Ì¬Æ¦Ü±À°Ê¤F¥þ¥@¬ÉªºÂåÀø§ï­²¡C½ÐŪªÌ¤£­n»~·|¡A§Ú¨Ã¤£¬O­É³o¬q¾ú¥v¨Ó·t¥Ü¡G¥u­n«H¥õ¯Â¥¿¡B°Ê¾÷¥¿½T¡A´N¥i¥H§á¦±²Î­p¼Æ¦r¡B´N¥i¥H¤£´L­«¬ì¾Çºë¯«¡C¥H¤H¹D¥D¸qªº²´¥ú¨Ó¬Ý¡A«n¤B®æº¸»P«Â·Gªk¹p³£¬O¶³±m¯ëªº¬ü¦n¨£µý¡F¦ý¥Ñ¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥vªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¿Å¶q¡A¥L­Ìªº¨º¦¸¦æ°Ê«o¦¨¬°¬ì¾Ç¶i¨Bªº²Ì¸}¥Û¡C

³Ì²z·QªºªÀ·|ÃöÃh¡A·íµM¬O«H¥õ¯Â¥¿¡B°Ê¾÷¨}¦n¡B¤èªk¥¿½T¡B¼Æ¾Ú¥i¾a¡C¦ý³o¤S½Í¦ó®e©ö©O¡H§Ú´±«Oµý¡G¤@¦Ê¦~¤§«á¤H®a½¬d§E³Ð»¨ªº²Î­p¾Ç³ø§i¡A¤@©w¥i¥H§ä¥X³\¦h¿ù»~¡C¨º»ò¡A¬O§_§Ú­Ì¥²¶·µ¥«Ý©Ò¦³¬ã¨s½Õ¬d¤ô¸¨¥Û¥X¤§»Ú¡A¤~¥i¥H±q¨ÆªÀ·|ÃöÃh©O¡H³o·íµM¥ç¤£¤Á¹ê»Ú¡C§Ú­Ì¯à°÷°µ¨ìªº¡A³»¦h¬OÄY®æ­n¨D¦Û¤v¤p¤ßÂÔ·V¡A¦Ó¥BÁ`­n¯d¤U¤@­Ó¦Û¤v¥X¿ùªº¥i¯à©Ê¡Cµ§ªÌÁÙ¤@­Ó¤Ñ¯uªº·Qªk¡G¤@¤ù¯Q¶³·|Áá¤W»ÈÃä¡A¶É¬Ö¤j«B¤§«á·|¥X²{¤C¦â±m­i¡A·O´dªº¤Ñ¤÷¥i¥H¥Ñ³n®z¤HÃþªº¿ù»~¤§¤¤¡AÂà¤Æ¥X¬üµ½ªºªF¦è¡C«n¤B®æº¸»P«Â·Gªk¹p´¿¸g¥¢»~¡A¦ý¥L­Ì­I«áªº¤W«Ò«o¥Ã¤£¥¢¤â¡C

2007.8.24


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