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³Ð³y½×©M¶i¤Æ½×¬O¦Ê¦h¦~¨Ó¤@ª½ª§½×¤£¥ðªºÃD¥Ø¡A¨Ò¦p³Ìªñ¬ü°ê¡i®É¥NÂø»x¡j¥Zµn¤F±j¯P¤Ï¹ï©v±Ðªº¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ¹Dª÷´µ¡]Richard Dawkins¡^©M°ò·þ®{¬ì¾Ç®a°ªÁp°ò¡]Francis Collins¡^ªº¹ï¸Ü¡]Biema, 2006¡^¡A¹Dª÷´µ±j½Õ¥Í©R¥Ñ¤W«Ò³Ð³yªº©ÎµM²v·¥ºÝ·L¤Ö¡A¬Û¤Ï¶i¤Æªº¥i¯à©Ê¸û¤j¡C

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´N¤èªk½×¦Ó¨¥¡A¨ì©³¶i¤Æ½×¬OÄÝ©ó¤°»ò©Ê½èªº²z½×©O¡H³o³Ì¤Ö¦³¤T¬£¨£¸Ñ¡G²Ä¤@¬£»{¬°¹Fº¸¤åª©¥»¶i¤Æ½×ùØ­±ªº¡uª«Äv¤Ñ¾Ü¡B¾AªÌ¥Í¦s¡v¡A¬O¤@ºØ¯Âºéªº²Î­p¾Çªk«h¡A¦ÛµM¿ï¾Ü¹Lµ{µo¥Í¦bÁ`Åé©ÎªÌ±Ú¸s¤¤¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¦b­Ó§O¥Íª«¨­¤W¡]¨Ò¦p Denis Walsh, Tim Lewens, Andre, 2002¡^¡F¥t¥~¤@¬£«h¥D±i¡uª«Äv¤Ñ¾Ü¡B¾AªÌ¥Í¦s¡vÀ³¸Ó¤£¬O²Î­p¾Çªk«h¡A¦Ó¬Oµo¥Í¦b­ÓÅ騭¤Wªº¦]¯À¤O¶q¡]causal power¡^¡]¨Ò¦p Frederic Bouchard, Alex Rosenberg, 2004¡^¡F²Ä¤T¬£»¡¨âªÌ³£¿ù¡A¡uª«Äv¤Ñ¾Ü¡B¾AªÌ¥Í¦s¡v¬J¬O¤@ºØ²Î­p¾Çªk«h¡A¤S¬O¤@ºØ¦]¯À¤O¶q¡]¨Ò¦p Roberta Millstein, 2006¡^¡C³o½g¤å³¹±N·|¶°¤¤°Q½×²Ä¤@¬£¡C

²Î­p¾Ç¬£¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ´£¥X¤F¨â­Ó¤£¦Pªº±¡¹Ò¡A²Ä¤@­Ó±¡ªp¬O¹w´ú¤@±ø¦Ð¤ò«ç¼Ë¥Ñ¤@¦Ì°ª¸¨¨ì¦a¤W¡A²Ä¤G­Ó±¡ªp¬O¤@­Ó¸Ëº¡¤F¤@¤d­Ó¿ú¹ôªº½c¤l¡A¦b·í¤¤¨ú¥X¤­¦Ê­Ó¦r¦V¤W¡B¤­¦Ê­Ó¤½¦V¤Wªºµw¹ô¡A¨º»ò©ÎµM²v¬O¦h¤Ö©O¡H¦b²Ä¤@­Ó±¡ªp¡A¬ì¾Ç®a¥i¥H¥Î¦a¤ß§l¤O¡B­·³tµ¥ª«²z¾Ç©w«ß¨Ó§@¬°¹w´ú©M¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦³¨Ç¡u¦]¯À¤O¶q¡v¨M©w¤F³o¤@±ø¦Ð¤ò«ç¼Ë¸¨¤U¨Ó¡C²Ä¤G­Ó±¡ªp«h¯Âºé¬OÃö©ó²Î­p¾Ç¡B©ÎµM²v¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¡u¤O¶q¡v«P¨Ï¨C­Óµw¹ô¦r¦V¤W©ÎªÌ¤½¦V¤W¡A­Ó§Oµw¹ô«ç¼Ë³Q©â¥X¨Ó¦b¥G©Ò¦³¿ú¹ôªº¡uÁ`Åéµ²ºc¡v¡]population structure¡^©M¾÷¹J¡A¶i¤Æ½×ÄÝ©ó«á¤@ºØ²z½×¡A¥¦©ÒÃö¤ßªº¬Oª«ºØÁ`Åé¡B¦Ó¤£¬O­ÓÅé¡F¦Ó¥B¡A¡uÀH¾÷Åܲ§¡v¡]random drift¡^¦b¶i¤Æ¹Lµ{¤¤§êºt¤F­«­nªº¨¤¦â¡AÀH¾÷ªº²{¶H¥u¯à°÷¥Î²Î­p¾Ç¡B©ÎµM²v¹w´ú¡C

«á¨â¬£¤Ï¹ï«eªÌ¡A¬O¦]¬°³oºØ¸ÑÄÀ¥O¶i¤Æ½×¤°»ò¤]¤£¯à¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦¹¸Ü±q¦ó»¡°_©O¡H¤ñ¤è»¡¡A¦b²Î­p¾ÇùØ­±¦³¤@­Ó²{¶H¦W¥s¡u¦^Âk¨ì¥­§¡¼Æ¡v¡]regression to the mean¡^¡A¤¤°ê¿Î»y¦³¤ª¡G¡u¤HµL¤T¥N´I¡C¡v¤@­Ó®a±Ú¸g¹L¨â¥N¤j´I¤j¶Q¤§«á¡A²Ä¤T¥N¥i¯à·|®a¹D¤¤¸¨¡F¤@¹ï°ªÀY¤j°¨ªº¤÷¥À¡A¤U¤@¥N¥i¯à·|¨­§÷¸G¤p¡F¤@¶¤³sÄòŤF¦h¦¸¤ñÁɪºÄx²y¶¤¡A²×¦³¤@¦¸·|ªí²{¤í¨Î¡C¦ý¬O¡A®M¥Î¡u¦^Âk¨ì¥­§¡¼Æ¡v¥i¥H¸ÑÄÀ¥H¤W²{¶Hªº«áªG«e¦]¶Ü¡H·íµM¨S¦³¡C¡u¦^Âk¨ì¥­§¡¼Æ¡v¨Ã¤£¬O¤@­Ó¦³¡u¤O¶q¡vªº¡u¹êÅé¡v¡A¨Ã¤£¬O·í¡u¥L¡v¬Ý¨£Äx²y¶¤³s¾Æ´X¦¸¤§«á«K»¡¡G¡u¬°¤½¥­°_¨£¡A§Ú­n¨î¤î¥L­ÌÄ~Äò³Ó§Q¡C¡v­n§ä¥X¬°¤°»ò¨º²y¶¤¦b¬Y¦¸¤ñÁɤ¤¸¨±Ñ¡A§Ú­Ì»Ý­n²M·¡ª¾¹D¨º¦¸¤ñÁɪº¿W¯Sª¬ªp¡A¨Ò¦p²y­û¬O§_ª¬ºA¤í¨Î¡H©ÎªÌ§ïÅܤF¤@³e¥´ªk¡H¹ï¤â²y¶¤¬O§_¤Ó¼F®`¡HÆ[²³¤ÏÀ³¬O§_¼vÅT¤F²y­ûªº±¡ºü¡H¤ñÁɤ§«e¬O§_§ó´«¤F±Ð½m¡H¦ý¬O¡A²Î­p¾Ç©ÒÃö¤ßªº¬OÁ`Åé¡A¦Ó¤£¬O­Ó§O±¡ªp¡C

¦pªG¶i¤Æ½×¬O¤@ºØ²Î­p¾Ç¡B©ÎµM²vªºªk«h¡A¨º»ò¥¦¤£À³¸Ó©M©v±Ð²£¥Í½Ä¬ð¡A°ò·þ±Ð¥H¤@­Ó¹êÅé¡B¤@­Ó¤H®æ¯«¬°¦t©z½á¤©¦]ªG¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦Ó¶D½Ñ²Î­p¾Ç¡B©ÎµM²vªº¶i¤Æ½×¡A¥u¥i¥H´y­z²{¶H¡C

¦ý¶i¤Æ½×©M°ò·þ±Ð¤S¦n¹³¤£Â_¦a²£¥Í¿iÀ¿¡Aµ§ªÌ®£©È³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¤@³¡¥÷¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ¡A¤£¦Ûı¦a±N²Î­p¾Ç¬£¶i¤Æ½×ºtÅܬ°¡u¶ñ¸ÉªÅ»Øªº²Î­p¯«¡v¡]Statistical God of the gaps¡^¡]Yu, 2006¡^¡Cªø¤[¥H¨Ó¡A¡u¶ñ¸ÉªÅ»Øªº¯«¡v³Q·í¦¨¬OÅ@±Ð¾Çªº¯º¬`¡A±q«e¬ì¾Ç¨Ã¤£¯à¸ÑÄÀªF¦è¡A°ò·þ®{«K©ï¥X¤W«Ò¨Ó¶ñ¸É¬ì¾ÇªºªÅ»Ø¡A¦ýÀHµÛ¬ì¾Ç¶i¨B¡A¯«ªº°}¦a«K¶VÁY¶V¤p¡CµM¦Ó¡A¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ¥i´¿·Q¹L¡G²Î­p¾Ç¬£¶i¤Æ½×¤]¥i¯à¦¨¬°¤@ºØ¶ñ¸ÉªÅ»Øªº¤u¨ã©O¡H

Á|¨Ò»¡¡A¬Fªv¾Ç®a¦ë§Ê¹y¡]Samuel Huntington, 1996¡^´¿¸g´£¥X¡u¤å©ú½Ä¬ð½×¡v¡A¥L»{¬°¦b«á§N¾Ô®É¥N¡A¤å¤Æ»{¦P±N·|¬O°ê»ÚªÀ·|ªº½Ä¬ð¤§·½¡CªÀ·|¾Ç®aDaniel Chirot ¤Ï»é¡G¤å©ú½Ä¬ð¨Ã¤£¬OµL¥iÁקK¡]¨ä¹ê¦ë§Ê¹y¨S¦³»¡¹L¤HÃþÃø°k¤å©ú½Ä¬ð¤@§T¡A¤£¹L³o¨Ã¤£¬O¥»¤åªº¥D¦®¡^¡CChirot ¤Ï¹ï¦ë§Ê¹yªº½×µý¬O¡G¤£¦P±Ú¸s½Ä¬ðªº­ì¦]¦b©ó¦³¨ÇªÀ·|¤ñ¸û²{¥N¤Æ¡A¦³¨Ç«h¸¨«á¡A¦ý®Ú¾Ú¶i¤Æ½×ªº¦ÛµM¿ï¾ÜÀ£¤O¡A¸¨«áªºªÀ·|²×Âk·|»°¤W¥ý¶i°ê®a¡A¨º®É­Ô¤å©ú½Ä¬ð´N·|·Ï®ø¶³´²¡C²³æ¦a»¡¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ¶D½Ñ²Î­p¾Ç¡B©ÎµM²vªº¹w´ú¡A¡u¾¨ºÞ X ²{¦b¨Ã¤£¥­¿Å¡A¦ý´Nªø½u©MÁ`Åé¦Ó¨¥¡A¶i¤Æ¹Lµ{²×¥²·|«ì´_¥­¿Å¡C¡v§A¥i¥H±N¥ô¦óªF¦è®M¤J X ùØ­±¡A¥ô¦óªF¦è³£¦ü¥G±o¨ì¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W³o²z½×¨S¦³¸ÑÄÀ¤°»ò¡C

µ§ªÌ¦b¤£¦P¾Ç¬ìùØ­±¸g±`¬Ý¨ìÃþ¦¹¥H¤W¶D½Ñ¶i¤Æ½×ªº¡u¸ÑÄÀ¡v¡C¦b°ò·þ±ÐÆ[©À¤¤¡A­Û²z¹D¼w¡B¤@¤Á¬üµ½³£¬O¥X¦Û³yª«¥D¡A¦ý¤@¨Ç¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ³o¼Ë»{¬°¡G¤HÃþÁ`Åé¦bº©ªø®É¶¡¤¤³vº¥ºtÅÜ¡A²×©ó²£¥Í¤F²z©ÊªºªÀ·|¯´§Ç¡A¦ý¬°¤°»ò¤HÃþ¾ãÅé·|¿ï¾Ü¯´§Ç©O¡H¦]¬°²z©Ê«P¨Ï¤HÁͦV¦³§Q©ó¥Í¦sªºªF¦è¡CµM¦Ó¡A¤£½×³oºØ¶i¤Æµ²ªGªº©ÎµM²v¦³¦h»ò¤j¡A¥¦§¹¥þ°jÁפF±´°Q¦]¯À¤O¶q¡A§Ï©»µLªk¸ÑÄÀªºªF¦è¡A´N¥HÁ`Åé¡B²Î­p¾Ç¡B©ÎµM²v¶ñ¸ÉªÅ»Ø¡C¤£¹L¡Aµ§ªÌ¥²¶·±j½Õ¡A³o½g¤å³¹¨Ã¤£¯à¦³¤O¦a¤Ï»é¶i¤Æ½×¡A¤@®M²z½×¬O§_¨ã¦³°ª«×¸ÑÄÀ¤O¡A©M¥Lªº¯u°²¹ï¿ù¨S¦³¥²µMÃö«Y¡A¦óªp¡A¤ß²z¾Ç¡BªÀ·|¾Ç·N¸qªº¶i¤Æ¾Ç»¡¡AµL«D¬O¶i¤Æ¥Íª«¾Çªº©µ¦ù¡A«eªÌ»P«áªÌ·íµM¤£¯àµ¥¦P¡C

 


°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø

Biema, D. (2006, November 13). God vs. science. Time, 48-55.

Bouchard, F., & Rosenberg, A. (2004). Fitness, probability, and the principle of natural selection. British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 55, 693-712.

Chirot, D. (2001). A clash of civilizations or of paradigms? Theorizing progress and social change. International Sociology, 16, 341-360.

Huntington, S. (1996). The clash of civilizations: Remaking of world order. New York: Touchstone.

Millstein, R. L. (2006). Natural selection as a population level causal process. British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 57, 627-653.

Walsh, d., Lewens, t., & Ariew, a. (2002). The trials of life: Natural selection and random drift. Philosopher of Science, 69, 452-473.

Yu, C. H. (2006). Philosophical foundations of quantitative research methodology. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

2006.12.11


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