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¦b¥¼¶i¤J¥¿ÃD¤§«e¡AÅý§Ú»¡¤@­Ó¤p¬G¨Æ¡G¤Q¦h¦~«e¡Aµ§ªÌ¦b¶ø©Ô§J²ü°¨¡]Oklahoma¡^¦{¥ß¤j¾Ç­×ŪºÓ¤h½Òµ{¡A©Z¥Õ»¡¡A³o¤j¾Ç¥u³Q¦C¬°¤G¯Å¬ã¨s¾Ç©²¡]Resarch II institute¡^¡A¥i¬O¡A¤@¤E¤E¤@¦~¬Y¤ë¬Y¤é¡A¤@©]¤§¶¡¡A¶ø©Ô§J²ü°¨¦{¥ß¤j¾Ç«o¦¨¬°®a¶Ç¤á¾åªº¦W¦r¡C½t°_¬O¡G¦Ñ¥¬®íÁ`²Î¥´ºâ¥ô©R§J©Ô­Û´µ¡D´ö©i¡]Clarence Thomas¡^¬°Áp¨¹³Ì°ªªk°|ªk©x¡A¥i¬O´¿¸g»P´ö©iªk©x¦@¨Æ¦h¦~ªº¦w©g¶ð¡D§Æº¸¡]Anita Hill¡^¡A«o«ü±±´ö©i´¿¸gªø´Á¹ï¦Û¤v§@¥X©ÊÄÌÂZ¡A§Æº¸¬O¶ø¤jªk«ß¾Ç°|ªº±Ð±Â¡A·í®É§Ú¦]¬°¾Ç®Õ´­¦W¦Ó¿³¾Ä¤F¤@°}¡C¦bÅ¥µý·|¤W¡A§Æº¸±Ð±Â´y­z¨Æ¥óªº¸Ô²Ó¸g¹L¡A¦ý¦³¨Ç¨Ñµü«e«á¥Ù¬Þ¡A¬Û¤Ï¡A´ö©iªºµýµü«h¤ñ¸û¤@­P¡C³Ì«á¡A©Ò¦³¹ï´ö©iªº«ü±±³£µLªk¦¨¥ß¡A´ö©iªº¥ô©R³Q³q¹L¡C

¬ì¾Ç­õ¾Ç®aù¹y¡]Larry Laudan¡^¥H¡u¶i¨B¡v¡]Progress¡^¨Ó¿Å¶q¤@­Ó¡u¬ã¨s¶Ç²Î¡v¡]Research tradition¡^¬O§_¨ã¦³¥i«H©Ê¡A¥H³Ð³y½×¤j¾Ô¶i¤Æ½×¬°¨Ò¡A³Ð³y½×ªºÆ[ÂI´X¥G¬O´X¤d¦~¤£ÅÜ¡A¬Û¤Ï¡A¶i¤Æ½×ªº¬ã¨s«h±a¥X«Ü¦h¦¸¬ð¯}¡A·sªº¤Æ¥Ûµo²{¤£Â_­×¥¿Â¦³ªº¥Íª«¾ÇÆ[ÂI¡Cµ§ªÌÆ[¹î¨ì¡G³o»¡ªk¥ç¥i¥HÀ³¥Î¦bºÖ­µ¬£¯«¾Ç»P«DºÖ­µ¬£¯«¾Ç¤§¤ñ¸û¡A«eªÌ³Q§åµûªº¦a¤è¥¿¬O¯Ê¥F¶i¨B¡C

µM¦Ó¡A¤Ï¹ïù¹yªº½×ªÌ³o¼Ë»¡¡G¥H¼f§P®×¥ó¬°¤ñ³ë¡A¨ì©³¤@­Ó¡u±q¤@¦Ó²×¡vªºµý¤H©Ò»¡ªº¤ñ¸û¥i«H¡BÁÙ¬O¤@¦W¤£Â_§ó§ï¬G¨Æªºµý¤H©Ò»¡ªº¥i«H©O¡H¨ì©³¬O­Û´µ¡D´ö©i¡BÁÙ¬O¦w©g¶ð¡D§Æº¸¥i«H©O¡H¤£¹L¡A¤Ï¹ï¤Ï¹ïù¹yªº½×ªÌ·|¦p¦¹¤Ï»é¡G­Û´µ¡D´ö©i¦bµý¤H¥x¤WµL«D¤£Â_­«½Æ¡G¡u§Ú§_»{§Æº¸©Ò»¡ªº¡C¡v³oºØ²³æªº»¡ªk¥i¥H®e©ö¦a«e«á¤@­P¡A¦P¼Ë¹D²z¡A³Ð³y½×¡BºÖ­µ¬£¯«¾Ç¥u¬O°í«ù¬Y¨Ç²³æ¤Æªº©RÃD¬°¯u²z¡A¦p¬OªÌ¡Aºû«ù¤@­P©Ê·íµM¨S¦³«Ü¤jÃø«×¡C

ù¹y´£¥X¡u¬ã¨s¶Ç²Î¡v»¡¡A¬O¬°¤F­×¥¿¤Õ®¦ªº¡u¨å½dÂಾ¡v¡]Paradigm shift¡^»¡¡A¬Û«H³\¦h¤H¹ï¡u¨å½dÂಾ¡v»¡¤w¸g¦Õ¼ô¯à¸Ô¡A¦b¦¹§Ú¥u¬O²³æ¦a¤¶²Ð´X¥y¡A°ò©ó¹ï¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡A¤Õ®¦¬Û«H¤HÃþ¬ì¾Ç¶i¨B¨Ã¤£¬O¥­Ã­¦a¤é¿n¤ë²Ö¡A¦Ó¬O¤@­Ó·sªº¨å½d­²©R©Ê¦a¨ú¥N¦³ªº¨å½d¡A¨Ò¦p¦b¤Ñ¤å¾ÇùØ­±¡A­ô¥Õ¥§¡u¦a²yÀô¶¤Ó¶§¡v»¡¨ú¥N¤F¡u¦a²y¬O¦t©z¤¤¤ß¡vªº²z½×¡A¦bª«²z¾Ç¤¤¡A·R¦]´µ©Zªº¬Û¹ï½×¡A¬D¾Ô¥j¨åªº¤û¹y¤O¾Ç¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç¨å½d±Ä¥Î¤£¦Pªº»y¨¥¡A¬G¦¹¤j®aÃø¥H·¾³q¡C³oºØ¹ï¬ì¾Ç¥vªº¸ÑÄÀ¤w¸g¦¨¬°¤@ºØ¨å½d¡Aù¹y¹Á¸ÕÂಾ³o¡u¨å½dÂಾ¡vªº¨å½d¡A¦ý¤£ºâ¦¨¥\¡A¡u¶i¨B¡v»¡»P¡u¨å½dÂಾ¡v»¡¤j¦P¤p²§¡A¥u¬Où¹y¬Û«H¤£¦Pªº¬ã¨s¶Ç²Î¤§¶¡¤´µM¦³·¾³q¾l¦a¡C

¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥[®³¤j­õ¾Ç®a«¢ª÷¡]Ian Hacking¡^¦b¤@¤E¤E¤E¦~¥Xª©ªº¡mªÀ·|«Øºc¤F¤°»ò¡n¡]The social construction of what¡^¤¤¡A«o´£¥X¤F¹ñ·sªº¨£¸Ñ¡Aµ§ªÌºÙ¤§¬°¡u¨å½dÂಾªº¨å½dÂಾ¡v¡C¤£¿ù¡A¦b¹L¥h´X¦Ê¦~¨Ó¡A¦è¤è¬ì¾Çµo¥Í¤F½¤ÑÂЦaªº­²©R¡A±À½¤F³\¦h¦Ûªü¨½´µ¦h¼w¥H¨Óªº¨å½d¡C¦ý«¢ª÷«ü¥X¤@­Ó²{¶H¡G²{¥N¬ì¾Çªºµo®i»P¤Õ®¦©Ò´y­zªº­è­è¬Û¤Ï¡A²{¥N¬ì¾Çªº©Ê½è¨Ã¤£¬O¼@ÅÜ¡A¦Ó¬O«D±`í©w¡C³Á«äºû¤èµ{¦¡¡]Maxwell¡¦s equations¡^¡B¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß¡B¥ú³t«×¡Bdolomite¦b¬ì¾Ç²z½×¤¤±N·|Ä~Äò¡u½L½õ¤@®u¦ì¡v¡]here to stay¡^¡C§Ú»Ý­nÁn©ú¡G«¢ª÷¨º¥»®Ñªº¥DÃD¨Ã¤£¬O¡u¨å½dÂಾªº¨å½dÂಾ¡v¡A¥LªºµJÂI¬O¦b©óªÀ·|¦]¯À¹ï¬ì¾Ç·§©Àªº¼vÅT¡A¨Ò¦p²{¥N¬ì¾Ç²z½×¤ñ¸ûí©w¡A³o¬O§_¤H¬°¦]¯À¡H

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»¡¤F¤@¤j°ï¡A¨ä¹ê¥»¤åªº¤¤¤ß«ä·Q«Ü²³æ¡G¡u¶i¨B¡v©ÎªÌ¡u¨å½dÂಾ¡v¡A¬O§_À³¸Ó¦b¿Å¶q¬Y­Ó¾Ç»¡¡B¬Y­Ó¾Ç¬£ªº¦¨´N®É¦û¦³³Ì¤j¤ñ­«©O¡H­YªG¬ì¾Ç®a¡B¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¡B¬ì¾Ç­õ¾Ç®a¯à°÷±µ¨ü¬Y¨Ç²z½×¡B¬Æ¦Ü¬Y¨Ç¨å½d¬Ohere to stay¡AºÖ­µ¬£¯«¾ÇªºÃ­©w©Ê¬O§_¤]±¡¦³¥i­ì©O¡H

¦b°Q½×¥»¦â¤Æ¯«¾Çªº®É­Ô¡A°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥v¾Ç®a±ç®aÅï±Ð±Â«ü¥X¡G°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¬O¤@­Ó¥Ñ¾ú¥N¥ý¸t¥ý½å²Ö¿n¦Ó¦¨ªºÂ×´I¶Ç²Î¡A§Y¨Ï¬OµØ¤H«H®{¡A±µ¨ü¾ã­Ó¦è¤è¶Ç²Î¤]µL§«¡C¦³½ìªº¬O¡A¬°¨D¥»¦â¤Æ¦Ó§å§P¦è¤è¶Ç²Îªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¥»¨­ªº§å§P¤u¨ã¥ç¬O¨Ó¦Û¦è¤è¡Cµ§ªÌ²¤¦³¦P·P¡A¤£¿ù¡A¦b°l¨D¥»¤g¤Æ¡B±¡¹Ò¤Æ¡]contextualization¡^ªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]³\§Ú­Ì¥i¥Hµo®i¥X¡u¶i¨B¡v©Ê¡B¡u¨å½dÂಾ¡v¦¡ªº¾Ç»¡¡A¨Ò¦p¶Â¦â¯«¾Ç¡B¸Ñ©ñ¯«¾Ç¡B¤k©Ê¥D¸q·s¾Ç¡K¡K¡A¬Û¤ñ¤§¤U¡AºÖ­µ¬£¯«¾Ç´NÅã±o«O¦u©M¹L®É¡C¦ý¬O¡Aµ§ªÌ¤£¸T°l°Ý¡G¦b´X¦Ê¦~¤§«á¡A¨º¨Ç¯«¾Ç¤S¬O§_here to stay©O¡H

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2005.8.29


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