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¡uµû¤å¡v»{¬°¡G¡u¨Æ¹ê¬O¡A¥[¨½²¤µo©úªº¤~¬O¦W²Å¨ä¹êªº¡y±æ»·Ãè¡z¡C¡v§@ªÌÁ|¥X¿à´µ¤j¾Ç Rice University ªº¡u¥[¨½²¤­p¹º¡v¡]Galileo Project¡^ºô¯¸ªº¨ä¤¤¤@¥y¸Ü§@¬°¤ä«ù¡A¦ý¬O¡A¦P¤@ºô¯¸¡]Van Helden, 1995¡^¥ç³o¼Ë»¡¡G¡u¥[¨½²¤Å¥»D¹L²üÄõ¤@ºØ·sµo©ú»ö¾¹¡]±æ»·Ãè¡^¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¨£»·¤èªºª«¥ó¡A´N¦n¹³«Ü±µªñªº¼Ë¤l¡K¥[¨½²¤½Æ»s¤F³o­Óµo©ú¡A³y¥X¤@­Ó¤T­¿®Ä¯àªº±æ»·Ãè¡C¡v(Galileo hears about the invention of devices for seeing faraway things as though nearby (telescope) in the Netherlands¡KGalileo duplicates the invention and makes a three-powered telescope.)­Y«ö·Ó¤W¤å¤U²z¨Ó¬Ý¡A¿à´µ¤j¾Çªº¡u¥[¨½²¤­p¹º¡v¨Ã¨S¦³»{¬°¥[¨½²¤¦b­ì³Ð·N¸q¤Wµo©ú±æ»·Ãè¡A¥¦´£¹Lªº¡uµo©ú¡v¬O«ü§ï¨}¡C

¦b¥[¨½²¤¤§«e¡A²üÄõ¤H Hans Lippershey ¹Á¸Õ¥Ó½Ð±æ»·Ãè­ì²zªº±M§Q¡A¦ý¥¼³Q·í§½±µ¨ü¡A²z¥Ñ¤§¤@¬O³]­p­ì²z¤Ó²³æ¡A¥Ñ©ó¨ä­ì²z¨Ã¤£½ÆÂø¡A¬G¦¹±æ»·Ãè«Ü§Ö¦b²üÄõ¬y¶Ç°_¨Ó¡C¦³¦h¤Ö­ì³Ð©Ê¤~ºâ¬O¡uµo©ú¡v¡H«ç¼Ë¤~ºâ¬O¡u§ï¨}¡v¡A³o¬O­È±o°Q½×ªº°ÝÃD¡C¥i¬O¡AJames Reston¡]1994¡^«ü¥X¡G·í¥[¨½²¤³y¥X¦Û¤vªº±æ»·Ã褧«á¡A«o»~¾É¤H¨º¬O¦Û¤vªºµo©ú¡A¦]³o¡uµo©ú¡v¥L¦b¤j¾Ç¤¤Àò±o¤É¾¥[Á~¡C¤£®ø»¡¡A«Ü¦h¾ÇªÌ³£¤£»{¦P¥[¨½²¤ªººA«×¡A¤ºµØ¹F¤j¾Çªº Jessica Apple¡]2003¡^¬Æ¦Ü¤£«È®ð¦a»¡¥[¨½²¤¬O¡uÄF¤l¡v¡]con-artist¡^¡A¦]¥L°½¨ú¤F¤H®aªºª¾ÃÑ¡C¥[¨½²¤¨Ã¤£ºâ¬O±æ»·Ã誺µo©ú¤H¡A¬O¬ì¾Ç¥vªº¦@ÃÑ¡C·íµM¡A³o¬O·å¤£±»·ì¡A¥[¨½²¤ªº¬ì¾Ç¦¨´N¤j®a¦³¥Ø¦@¸@¡A¦pªGºÖ­µ¤p¥U¤lªº¥D­n¥Øªº¬O¥YÅã¥[¨½²¤¤Ï¹ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤z¯A¾Ç³N¡A¨º¤S¦ó¥²¥[¤J¡u¥[¨½²¤µo©ú±æ»·Ãè¡v³oÃþ¼vÅT§@ªÌ¥i«H©Êªº»¡¸Ü©O¡H

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¡uµû¤å¡v¼x¤Þªº¤Ï»é¥X¦Û³Â¬Ù²z¤u R. W. Picard¡]1998¡^ªº¤å³¹¡A Picard¨Ã¤£¬O¤û¹y±M®a¡APicard¦b¤å³¹ùØÀY¶}©v©ú¸q´N»¡¡G¡u¶}©l®É§Ú­nÁn©ú¡A§Ú¨Ã¤£¬O¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¡AÃö©ó±N­n°Q½×ªºÃD¥Ø¡A§Ú¥u¬O§@¤F¬Û¹ï¦a¤p¶qªºªù¥~º~¬ã¨s¡K¦b¦¹§ÚÀµ¨D¾ú¥v±M®a§Ô­@§Ú³o¥~¦æ¤HÁ¿­z¤û¹y¡C¡v(I begin with a disclaimer: I am not a historian of science, and I am about to talk on a topic for which I have done only a relatively small amount of layman's research¡KI therefore beg the patience of the expert historians with my layman's presentation of Sir Isaac Newton.) ¥H¤W¨Ã«DÁ¾µê¤§µü¡APicard ©Ò»¡Äݹê¡A¥L¬O¹q¸£³q°T±Ð±Â¡A¥L¦b¤å³¹¤¤¥u¬O¤Þ¥Î²Ä¤G¤â¸ê®Æ¡A¦A¥[¤W¦Û¤vªºµû½×¡C¦ý§Y¨Ï¬O³o¼Ë¡APicard¥ç¦P·N¤û¹y¨Ã¤£¬Û«H¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡A¥L»¡¤û¹y¬O°ò·þ®{¡A¬O«ü¼s¸qªº°ò·þ®{¡C

§Ú¦b¡u°¨¤å¡v©Ò¤Þ¥Xªº Richard Westfall ¨Ã¤£¬O¬ì¾Ç®a¡A¦Ó¬O³Q¤½»{¬°³ÌÅv«Â¬ã¨s¤û¹yªº¬ì¾Ç¥v®a¡AWestfall¡]1993¡^À˾\¹L­ì©l¸ê®Æ«á«ü¥X¡G¤û¹y´¿¸g¥Î¤ß¬ã¨s³Q¤j¤½·|ijªÖ©wªº¨È¥L®³­×¬£©M©w¬°²§ºÝªº¨È¯d¬£¡A¥Lªºµ²½×¬O¡G¦b¤½¤¸²Ä¥|©M²Ä¤­¥@¬ö¡A¤ä«ù¤T¦ì¤@Å骺¨È¥L®³­×¬£§á¦±¸t¸g¡A±q¦Ó±Æ¥¸¨È¯d¬£¡C¤û¹y¤£¬Û«H¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡A¥L»{¬°°ò·þ¬é¬O¨ü³yª«¡A¥L¬Æ¦Ü»¡±R«ô°ò·þ¬°¯«¬O¡u«ô°¸¹³¡v¡C

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¦¹¥~¡AMilo Keynes¡]1995¡^«ü¥X¤û¹y¤H®æ¤Wªº¯ÊÂI¡A¨Ò¦p¤@¦ì¼C¾ô¤j¾Çªº¾ÇªÌ§Î®e¤û¹y¦³¡u³Ì¥i©È¡B³Ì¥O¤H´£¨¾¡B³Ì¦hºÃªºµÊ®ð¡C¡v¡]the most fearful, cautious, and suspicious temper¡^¥t¤@¦ì¼C¾ô°|¤h»¡¤û¹y¡u³±ÀI¡B¥Rº¡³¥¤ß¡B¹L«×¦a´÷±æ³Q¤HÆg½à¡C¡v¡]insidious, ambitious, and excessively covetous of praise¡^¤@¦ìªB¤Í¬Æ¦Ü»¡¤û¹y»zöG¤H®a»¡¤F¨Ç±q¥¼»¡¹L¸Ü¡]p.1-2¡^¡CÁÙ¦³¡A¤û¹y©M¼w°ê­õ¾Ç®a­Ý¼Æ¾Ç®a¿à¥¬µÜ¯÷¦P®Éµo©ú·L¿n¤À¡A¦ý¬O¤û¹y·¥¤O±ÆÀ½¿à¥¬µÜ¯÷¡A­n¿W¦û¥\³Ò¡C¬°¦¹¤§¬G¡A»ñ°Ä«°«Å¹D·|¤@¦ì§Ì¥S½èºÃ¡AºÖ­µ¥Zª«¥H¤H»ÚÃö«Y´c¦Hªº¤û¹y¨Ó¨£µý¯«¬O§_«ê·í¡C·íµM¡A¦b¯«²´¤¤¨C­Ó¤H³£¬O¸o¤H¡A¤@­Ó¤H©Ê®æ¤W¦³·å²«¨Ã¤£ªí¥Ü³o¤H´N¤£¬O°@¸Ûªº°ò·þ®{¡CµM¦Ó¡A¤µ¤Ñ§Ú­Ì·|§ä§õ¬Y¬Y¡B¦ó¬Y¬Y§@ºÖ­µ¨£µý¶Ü¡H¤]³\¡A­YºÖ­µ®ÑÄyÄ~Äò¤Þ¥Î¤û¹y¡A»Ý­n¦bµùÄÀ¤¤¥[¤J³o¨Ç²Ó¸`¡C

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¡uµû¤å¡v»¡¡G¡u®É¦Ü¤µ¤é¡AÁöµMÁÙ¦³¤£¤Ö¤H«H¶i¤Æ½×¡A¦ýµL¥i§_»{¡A¶i¤Æ½×¼ö¼é¤w¹L¡A³£¬O¦]µÛªñ¼Æ¤Q¦~¨Ó¤@¸sÁæ¦Ó¤£±Ëªº³Ð³y½×¬ì¾Ç®a¤£Â_¦a´£¥X¹ï¤ä«ù³Ð³y½×¦Ó¹ï¶i¤Æ½×¤£§QªºÃÒ¾Ú¡C¡v§Ú®£©È³o¬O¤@´[±¡Ä@ªºÁ¿ªk¡AÁöµMªñ¦~¤º¬ü°ê¼Æ¾Ç®a William Dembski ©M¥Íª«¾Ç®a Michael Behe µ¥¾ÇªÌ´£­Ò³Ð³y½×¡A¦ý¶ø¦a§Q¥Íª«¾Ç®a­Ý¬ì¾Ç¥v¾Ç®a Manfred Laubichler¡]2003¡^«ü¥X Dembski ©M Behe ¹ï¥Íª«¾Ç¬É¨ÃµL­«¤j¼vÅT¡C¦³Ãö§Ú¹ï Dembski ©M Behe ªºµû½×¡A½Ð°Ñ¦ÒYu(2003a)¤ÎYu¡]2001¡^¡C

¦b¡u°¨¤å¡v¤¤§Ú¤Þ­z¤F Sober ¤Î Kitcher ¹ï¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ßªº¨£¸Ñ¡A¡uµû¤å¡v¦^À³¡G¡u³Ì¤j°ÝÃD¬O¥L»{¬°¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ¹ï¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß¸ÑÄÀ¬°¯u²z¡A¦Ó¨ä¥L¤ä«ù³Ð³y½×¬ì¾Ç®aªº¸ê®Æ«h¬°¿ù»~¤Î¹L®É¡CºÙ¤£¦P·N¨£ªÌªº¸ê®Æ¬°¿ùÂդιL®É¡A³o¬O«ÈÆ[¶Ü¡H¡v§Ú¦b¤°»ò¦a¤è»¡¹L¶i¤Æ½×ªÌ¹ï¼ö¤O¾Ç²Ä¤G©w«ß¸ÑÄÀ¬O¡u¯u²z¡v©O¡H¬Û¤Ï¡A§Ú´¿¸g¼¶¤å§åµû Sober¡A¸Ó¤å©ó¥»¦~¤C¤ë¦b¦b¡m«Ø¹D¾Ç¥Z¡n(Yu, 2003b) µoªí¡A¦b§åµû Sober ¤§«e¡A§Ú¥ý²Ó¤ß¾\Ū¥L°Q½×¶i¤Æ½×ªº©Ò¦³µÛ§@¡A¸g¹Lªø®É¶¡±ÀºV¬ã¨s¤§«á¤~¤Uµ§¡A§Ú§Æ±æ°ò­n¬£ªº§Ì¥S©j©f­º¥ý¬Ý¬Ý¨ì©³ Sober ©M Kitcher »¡¹L¤°»ò¡C

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§Ú¦b¡u°¨¤å¡vùØ­±ªÖ©w§d¥D¥ú¥ý¥Í¶ÇºÖ­µªº¼ö¸Û¡A¨ì²{¦b§Ú¤´µMÆg½à°ò­n¬£§Ì¥S©j©f½Ã¹D¤§¤ß¡A¤£¹L¡A«O½Ã¸t¸g¯u²z¨Ã¤£µ¥¦P«O½Ã§d¥D¥ú¡B¥[¨½²¤¡B¤û¹y¡Cµ§ªÌ¸g±`§ë½Zµ¹¾Ç³N´Á¥Z¡A³q±`½s¿è·|±N¤å³¹¥æµ¹¨â¦Ü¤T­Ó±M®aµûŲ¡A©¹©¹¨º¨ÇµûŲ¤Q¤À­V¨è¡A¥ô¦ó·L¤p¿ùº|²V²cªº¦a¤è¡A¥L­Ì³£¤£·|©ñ¹L¡A§Ú¦Û¤v¤]¸g±`¥H¦¹¬°Å²¥h­×¥¿¤å½Z¡C¦P¼Ë¹D²z¡A§ï¥¿¸ê®Æ·|¼W¥[ºÖ­µ®ÑÄyªº¥i«H©Ê¡A¥u¬O¦³§QµL®`¡C  


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°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø

¸tÄYªk®v¡]1999¡^°ò·þ±Ð¤§¬ã¨s ¥x¥_¡Gªk¹ª¤å¤Æ

Apple, J. (2003). Who really invented the telescope? Unpublished manuscript.

Keynes, M. (1995). The personality of Isaac Newton. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 49, 1-56.

Laubichler, M. (2003). Personal communication.

Picard, R. W. (1998). Newton -- Rationalizing Christianity, or Not? Retrieved October 30, 2003 from http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/Newton.shtml

Reston, J. (1994). Galileo. New York: Harper Collins.

Van Helden, A. (1995). Telescope. Retrieved October 30, 2003 from http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/galileo_timeline.shtml#1600

Westfall, R. (1993). The life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yu, C. H. (2001). Philosophical assumptions in the discussion of irreducible complexity, naturalism, demarcation criterion, probability, and law. [On-line] Available: http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/hps/behe.pdf

Yu, C. H. (2003a). Testability of the Intelligent Design argument in the perspective of quantitative methodology, Jian Dao Journal, 20, 89-102.

Yu, C. H. (2003b). Inference to the Best Explanation and Dembski-Significance testing approach. [On-line] Available: http://www.creative-wisdom.com/education/hps/DI.pdf


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